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(No.172 隔週発行:2008/07/02)
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ケアとコミュニケーション研究会発行
★
Earth Will Survive After All, Physicists Say
By DENNIS OVERBYE
Published: June 21, 2008
That black hole that was going to eat the Earth? Forget about it, and keep
making the mortgage payments ― those of you who still have them.
A new particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider scheduled to go into
operation this fall outside Geneva, is no threat to the Earth or the
universe, according to a new safety review approved Friday by the governing
council of the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or Cern, which
is building the collider.
“There is no basis for any concerns about the consequences of new particles
or forms of matter that could possibly be produced by the LHC,” four
physicists who comprised the safety assessment group wrote in their report.
Whatever the collider will do, they said, Nature has already done many times
over.
The report is available at http://lsag.web.cern.ch/lsag/LSAG-Report.pdf.
The physicists, who labored anonymously for the last year and a half, are
John Ellis, Michelangelo Mangano and Urs Wiedemann, of Cern, and Igor
Tkachev, of the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow. In a press
release, Cern’s director general Robert Aymar said, “With this report,
the Laboratory has fulfilled every safety and environmental evaluation
necessary to ensure safe operation of this exciting new research facility.”
It is full speed ahead, they say, on the new machine, which is designed
to accelerate protons, the building blocks of ordinary matter, to energies
of 7 trillion electron volts and then bang them together to produce tiny
primordial fireballs, miniature versions of the Big Bang. Physicists will
comb the detritus from those fireballs in search of forces and particles
and even new laws of nature that might have prevailed during the first
trillionth of a second of time.
Some critics have argued, however, that Cern has ignored or downplayed the
risk that the collider could produce a black hole that would swallow the
Earth, or that it could create some other dangerous particle.
The safety group, however, pointed out that cosmic rays have produced
equivalently energetic collisions with the Earth and other objects in the
cosmos over and over again. “This means that Nature has already completed
about 1031 LHC experimental programs since the beginning of the Universe,”
they write. But the stars and galaxies endure.
The new report, which is an update and expansion of a previous 2003 report,
pays particular attention to the issue of black holes, which could be
produced according to some speculative variations of the already
speculative string theory. Could one eat the Earth? These same theories
predict that the black holes would immediately disintegrate, the authors
say. But if stable black holes could somehow be produced, they would also
have been produced by cosmic ray collisions.
The report draws heavily on a dense 96-page analysis by Steven B. Giddings
of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Dr. Mangano, which will
be available on the physics archive on Monday. In that paper, Dr. Giddings
and Dr. Mangano conclude, “Indeed, conservative arguments based on
detailed observations and the best-available scientific knowledge,
including solid astronomical data, conclude, from multiple perspectives,
that there is no risk of any significance whatsoever from such black holes.”
The difference between these two ways of making black holes is that the
ones from cosmic rays would be going near the speed of light and would shoot
through the Earth with no effect, while collider black holes would be at
rest relative to the Earth and could be captured. But if such black holes
from cosmic rays existed, the physicists concluded, dense cinders like
neutron stars or white dwarfs would capture them and get eaten. But that
doesn’t happen; such objects continue to exist.
The safety report was itself reviewed and approved by another panel of
scientists outside Cern. And so, after 14 years and $8 billion, the future
of physics is almost here.
Cern’s engineers are in the process of cooling the superconducting magnets
that power the protons around their 17-mile racetrack down to within 3
degrees Fahrenheit of absolute zero. They are on track, they say to begin
circulating protons in the machine in August and to begin colliding them
a couple of months later.
Because the engineers have not yet finished “training” the magnets to carry
the currents necessary to propel the protons to full energy, the plan is
for the colliding protons to have 5 trillion electron volts apiece
initially, still five times more energetic than physicists have achieved
before.
In the winter, when Cern traditionally shuts down for a period, the magnets
will be trained for the full energy. In the spring the collider will start
up again with 14-trillion volt collisions. And physicists can finally stop
holding their breaths.
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★ 読んでみましょう:
Earth Will Survive After All, Physicists Say
By DENNIS OVERBYE
Published: June 21, 2008
・That black hole that was going to eat the Earth?
ブラックホールが将来地球を飲み込むのだろうか?
・Forget about it, and keep making the mortgage payments ― those of you
who still have them.
そのことはお忘れになって結構,それより住宅ローンの方はお忘れなく―も
しあればの話だが.
・A new particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider scheduled to go
into operation this fall outside Geneva, is no threat to the Earth or
the universe, according to a new safety review approved Friday by the
governing council of the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or
Cern, which is building the collider.
新しい加速器,この秋ジュネーブ郊外で稼動予定である Hadron Collider は
ヨーロッパの粒子研究機構,ならびにこの衝突型加速器を建設しているセル
ンがこの金曜日その安全性に関して承認したレポートによると地球や宇宙に
とってなんの心配もないということである.
・“There is no basis for any concerns about the consequences of new
particles or forms of matter that could possibly be produced by the LHC,”
four physicists who comprised the safety assessment group wrote in their
report.
“LHC で作り出される新しい粒子,あるいは新しい物質ももたらす結果につ
いては心配するなんの根拠もない”と安全アセスメントの委員である4人の
科学者はレポートしている.
・Whatever the collider will do, they said, Nature has already done many
times over.
加速器の可能性がどうであれ,自然は何度も同じことを繰り返してきたので
ある.
・The report is available at ttp://lsag.web.cern.ch/lsag/LSAG-
Report.pdf.
そのレポートは次のサイトで確認できる;
ttp://lsag.web.cern.ch/lsag/LSAG-Report.pdf.
・The physicists, who labored anonymously for the last year and a half,
are John Ellis, Michelangelo Mangano and Urs Wiedemann, of Cern, and Igor
Tkachev, of the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow.
物理学者,この1年半匿名で研究していたのは,セルンの John Ellis,
Michelangelo Mangano と モスコーの粒子物理の研究所の Igor Tkachev で
あった.
・In a press release, Cern’s director general Robert Aymar said,
“With this report, the Laboratory has fulfilled every safety and
environmental evaluation necessary to ensure safe operation of this
exciting new research facility.”
新聞発表でセルンの所長 Robert Aymer は“このレポートで研究所はこの新
しい,可能性を秘めた加速器の運用に求められる安全性と環境へのアセスメ
ントが確保された”という談話を発表した.
・It is full speed ahead, they say, on the new machine, which is designed
to accelerate protons, the building blocks of ordinary matter, to
energies of 7 trillion electron volts and then bang them together to
produce tiny primordial fireballs, miniature versions of the Big Bang.
彼らによると新しい装置はプロトン(陽子),物質を構成する要素を,7兆
電子ボルトのエネルギーにまで加速し,宇宙生成時の小さな火の玉,ミニアチュ
アのビッグバンのを作り出すために衝突させるのである.
・Physicists will comb the detritus from those fireballs in search of
forces and particles and even new laws of nature that might have prevailed
during the first trillionth of a second of time.
物理学者はその火の玉から残がいを,宇宙の始まりにおける一兆分の一秒の
間に支配した力,粒子,新しい自然の法則にいたるまで明らかにするため,
徹底的に調べあげようというのである.
・Some critics have argued, however, that Cern has ignored or downplayed
the risk that the collider could produce a black hole that would swallow
the Earth, or that it could create some other dangerous particle.
しかしながらある批評家はセルンはその加速器が地球をものみ込むかもしれ
ないブラックホール,あるいは他の危険な粒子を作り出す危険性を無視して
いるか、あるいは過小評価しているという.
・The safety group, however, pointed out that cosmic rays have produced
equivalently energetic collisions with the Earth and other objects in
the cosmos over and over again.
それにたいし,安全性を主張するグループは宇宙線は同程度の高エネルギー
での地球や宇宙における他の物質との衝突は見られるし,それもまれなことではない.
・“This means that Nature has already completed about 1031 LHC experimental
programs since the beginning of the Universe,” they write.
“このことは自然は宇宙の始まりのその時から 1031 LHC の実験をすでに行
ってきたということだ”という.
・But the stars and galaxies endure.
にもかかわらず星や銀河は存在し続けている.
・The new report, which is an update and expansion of a previous 2003 report,
pays particular attention to the issue of black holes, which could be
produced according to some speculative variations of the already
speculative string theory.
今回の新しいレポート,2003 年のレポートの最新版でありその拡張であるが,
ブラックホールに注目する,それはすでに存在する〈ひもの理論〉の理論的
発展から推量される存在であるかもしれないのである.
・Could one eat the Earth? These same theories predict that the black holes
would immediately disintegrate, the authors say.
ブラックホールが地球を飲み込む? 同じ理論が一方ブラックホールは瞬間
的に消滅してしまうことを予言している,とレポーターは言う.
・But if stable black holes could somehow be produced, they would also
have been produced by cosmic ray collisions.
しかしもし安定したブラックホールが出現するというならば,宇宙線の衝突
によっても生じているあずであろう.
・The report draws heavily on a dense 96-page analysis by Steven B. Giddings
of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Dr. Mangano, which
will be available on the physics archive on Monday.
レポートは Steven B. Giddngs カリフォルニア大学サンタ・バーバラ校,と
Dr. Magano,の96ページにおよぶ緻密な分析,月曜日には物理のアーカイ
ブから手に入れることができるようになるであろう,分析に大きく基づいて
いる.
・In that paper, Dr. Giddings and Dr. Mangano conclude, “Indeed,
conservative arguments based on detailed observations and the
best-available scientific knowledge, including solid astronomical data,
conclude, from multiple perspectives, that there is no risk of any
significance whatsoever from such black holes.”
この論文で Dr. Giddings, Dr. Mangano は,“確かに詳細な観測事実,最新
の科学知識に基づいた議論,もちろん具体的な天文学的データを含んだ,こ
れまでの議論は,いろいろな側面からしてブラックホールによる重大な危機
はない”というのが結論である.
・The difference between these two ways of making black holes is that the
ones from cosmic rays would be going near the speed of light and would
shoot through the Earth with no effect, while collider black holes would
be at rest relative to the Earth and could be captured.
ブラックホールを作り出す二つの方法の違いは宇宙線による場合それが光速
近くに加速され地球になんの影響も与えることなく突き抜けて行くのにたい
して加速器による場合には地球上の出来事であり,地球を突き抜けては行か
ないことである.
・But if such black holes from cosmic rays existed, the physicists conc-
luded, dense cinders like neutron stars or white dwarfs would capture
them and get eaten.
しかしもし宇宙線によるブラックホールが存在するとして,高密度な中性子
星や白色矮星に捕まり飲み込まれるであろうと,いうのが物理学者の結論で
ある.
・But that doesn’t happen; such objects continue to exist.
しかしそういうことは起こらない;まずそのようなものは存在し続けること
はできないのである.
・The safety report was itself reviewed and approved by another panel of
scientists outside Cern.
安全性に関するレポートはセルン以外の科学者によっても検討され,承認さ
れた.
・And so, after 14 years and $8 billion, the future of physics is almost
here.
やっと14年,8億ドルを掛け,物理学の将来が手の届くところとなった.
・Cern’s engineers are in the process of cooling the superconducting magnets
that power the protons around their 17-mile racetrack down to within 3
degrees Fahrenheit of absolute zero.
セルンのエンジニアは超伝導磁石,陽子を17マイルにおよぶ加速器を絶対
温度華氏3度にまで冷やす作業に掛かっている.
・They are on track, they say to begin circulating protons in the machine
in August and to begin colliding them a couple of months later.
8月には陽子の加速にとりかかり,その数ヶ月後衝突実験を行う予定である
という.
・Because the engineers have not yet finished “training” the magnets to
carry the currents necessary to propel the protons to full energy, the
plan is for the colliding protons to have 5 trillion electron volts apiece
initially, still five times more energetic than physicists have achieved
before.
というのはエンジニアは陽子を最大エネルギーに加速するに必要な磁場にま
で磁石の“能力”までもっていっていない,計画では初期状態として各陽子
を5トリリオン(10の18乗)ボルトで衝突させねばならないのだが,そ
れは物理学者がこれまで達成していたより5倍のエネルギーレベルである.
・In the winter, when Cern traditionally shuts down for a period, the magnets
will be trained for the full energy.
冬、普通ならセルンは一時閉鎖されている時期だが,磁石はその最高レベル
まで上げる実験が行われる予定である.
・In the spring the collider will start up again with 14-trillion volt
collisions.
春,加速器は14トリリオンボルトでの衝突が計画されている.
・And physicists can finally stop holding their breaths.
それが成功してはじめて科学者は一息つくということになる.
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